tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64225097406862527282024-02-19T12:48:37.311+08:00Titian HasratAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.comBlogger18125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-63726048036323054452012-06-28T21:20:00.002+08:002012-06-28T21:20:30.917+08:00Software suite<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">A <b>software suite</b> or <b>application suite</b> is a collection of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Computer program">computer programs</a>, usually <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Application software">application software</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_software" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Programming software">programming software</a> of related functionality, often sharing a more-or-less common<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="User interface">user interface</a> and some ability to smoothly exchange data with each other.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sometimes software makers introduce "suites" that are little more than repackaged versions of older programs offered at a lower price.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Examples">Examples</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_suite" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Office suite">Office suite</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_suite" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet suite">Internet suite</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_suite" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Graphics suite">Graphics suite</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li>
</ul>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-63209500433959199912012-06-28T21:15:00.000+08:002012-06-28T21:15:10.144+08:00GroupWare<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">What is GroupWare?</strong></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Groupware (<a class="kLink" href="http://www.tech-faq.com/groupware.html#" id="KonaLink0" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; bottom: 0px; color: blue !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit !important; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: static; right: 0px; text-decoration: underline !important; text-transform: none !important; top: 0px;"><span style="color: blue !important; font-family: inherit !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: static;"><span class="kLink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-color: initial !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-top-color: initial !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; color: blue !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: inherit !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: static; width: auto !important;">Collaborative </span><span class="kLink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-color: initial !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-top-color: initial !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; color: blue !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: inherit !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: static; width: auto !important;">Software</span></span></a>) is any software, application, or device that allows two or more persons to communicate and solve technological problems collaboratively without being together physically. The development of the Internet, video conferencing, other communication technologies, and Collaborative Software has spiraled, thus allowing information sharing among employees in different locations.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.tech-faq.com/groupware.html" rel="attachment wp-att-22292" style="clear: left; color: #e33b30; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><img alt="" class="alignright size-full wp-image-22292" height="179" src="http://www.tech-faq.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/GroupWare.jpeg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: right; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="GroupWare" width="281" /></a><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"></strong></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</strong></strong></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</strong></strong></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</strong></strong></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</strong></strong></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</strong></strong></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</strong></strong></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</strong></strong></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</strong></strong></div><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">GroupWare Categories</strong><br />
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Most experts categorize GroupWare in the following ways:</div><ol style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;">Related to time – When employees use the same application at different times it is called asynchronous GroupWare, when used at the same time it is called synchronous GroupWare.</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;">Related to Place – When employees use GroupWare in the same place it is called Collocated, when used in different places it is called Distance.</li>
</ol><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Some experts divide Collaborative Software into three categories:</div><ol style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;">Conferencing tools – These basically include chat rooms, message boards, data, voice, and video conferencing.</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;">Communication tools – These include basic e-mail, voicemail, and FAX.</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;">Collaborative management tools – These include project management systems, electronic calendars, and workflow systems.</li>
</ol><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Examples of GroupWare</strong></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">There are many examples of commonly used GroupWare. Both AOL and <a href="http://www.tech-faq.com/groupware.html" id="itxthook0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e33b30; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Microsoft<img alt="" id="itxthook0icon" src="http://images.intellitxt.com/ast/adTypes/mag-glass_10x10.gif" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></a> have instant messaging programs for computer-to-computer communication. These programs allow two persons or a group to talk to each other. Wikis are another GroupWare device that allow collaborative work. Wikis allow users to make changes and edits to another person’s work. There are a number of fail-safes installed to prevent important data that has been previously entered from being lost. Even e-mails are an example of GroupWare. Most do not consider social networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook GroupWare. Facebook, MySpace, and other social networking sites are rarely used in the workspace for any productive reason. The sites are predominantly used for entertainment, so it is rare for anyone to use these websites to work collaboratively.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The Benefits of GroupWare</strong></div><ol style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; list-style-position: inside; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;">GroupWare enables new communication methods, thus allowing problem solving.</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;">GroupWare helps provide faster and clearer communication and also enables communication in remote areas where it would not have been possible otherwise.</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;">It helps to create common interest groups that would be difficult to create in person.</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;">Collaborative software also enables telecommunication and decreases travel costs.</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;">GroupWare allows all users to access identical information, thus increasing their problem solving capabilities. Quick access to accurate information and quick communication with other users simplify the decision making process, consequently increasing the decision making process’s efficiency.</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;">There is a central location for data storage. Since many people have access to the data at the same time, GroupWare is designed to store and manage all the data that is relevant to the project, thus providing easy access to everyone. Moreover, GroupWare also records user modifications and the modifier’s identity.</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;">GroupWare improves the communication between users by providing different communication methods such as Instant messaging, web conferencing, database access, and document versioning. As a result, communication intensifies and becomes clearer, faster, and more efficient.</li>
</ol><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Meeting physically wastes time and money and constrains production. By using electronic devices such as e-mail and wikis, an employee can work from the comfort of his/her own space anytime. The added convenience leads to more productivity and better overall results.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-76193780213749932152012-06-28T20:54:00.000+08:002012-06-28T20:54:24.577+08:00Freeware<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;">Like shareware, freeware is software you can download, pass around, and distribute without any initial payment. However, the great part about freeware is that you never have to pay for it. No 30 day limit, no demo versions, no disabled features -- it's totally free. Things like minor program updates and small games are commonly distributed as freeware. Though freeware does not cost anything, it is still copyrighted, so other people can't market the software as their own.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;"><b>Examples of freewere:</b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;"></span></span><br />
<ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Mozilla Firefox</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Opera web browser</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Google Chrome</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">MAME</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">VLC</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">MPlayer</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Jnes</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Nestopia</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">OpenOffice.org</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">PuTTY</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Frostwire</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Kega Fusion</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">ImgBurn</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Adobe Flash Player</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Apache web server</li>
</ol><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Read more: <a href="http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_some_examples_of_freeware#ixzz1cUw6dYEC" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_some_examples_of_freeware#ixzz1cUw6dYEC</a></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-21071289639989265322012-06-28T20:50:00.000+08:002012-06-28T20:50:20.660+08:00Shareware<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;">These days, you think about a task and you find a software program designed to accomplish it. Thankfully, they haven't yet come up with a program that can 'think' for you (yes, I am referring to AI), which would make us lazier than ever. Software must of course be used to make our jobs easier, so that we can give more time to think about tasks which require a lot of thought!</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;">The launch of the Internet has made software substantially easier and almost all the utility programs that you need can be downloaded and bought online. One type of software that can be freely downloaded from the Internet or freely distributed through many other channels is the '</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><i>Shareware</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;">', which is often confused to be same as 'Freeware', which it is not.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><b>What is a Shareware?</b><br />
<br />
All the kinds of software programs can be divided into three types primarily, which are freeware, paid programs and shareware. Freeware programs can be downloaded and used for free, although they may be copyrighted or licensed in some cases. Example of freeware are the Mozilla web browser and torrent clients like BitTorrent. Example of paid or proprietary programs are Windows operating system versions like Windows 7 and Windows Vista.<br />
<br />
You must buy these programs to be able to use them. The third category is shareware, which are paid programs in actuality, that are made available for free by the software developer, for a limited period of time, after which they need to be bought to continue usage. Such programs are marketed in a 'trial' version form, which can be downloaded for free and used for a short period of time, which could be 30 or 60 days. Let's just say that a program is a freeware for a limited period of time (although it may not have the full features), after which it must be purchased.<br />
<br />
A shareware program is thus offered as a trial version of the original program with full or limited features provided. These 'Evaluation' versions of the program help the user to test drive the software before actually buying it. Most of these programs can be downloaded directly from websites on the Internet. Some are also provided for free with DVDs sold with magazines and other periodicals. This is one of the easiest ways of marketing a software to the end user.<br />
<br />
<b>Examples</b><br />
<br />
There are literally millions of shareware programs on the Internet. Some of the prime examples are 'Winzip' and antivirus programs like 'Spyware Doctor with Antivirus'. Many other antivirus programs are marketed through free trial versions, which can be downloaded directly from their websites. Here are some more popular examples that you could check out.</span><br />
<ul><li>DVD-Cloner VI</li>
<li>Registry Mechanic</li>
<li>Blue-Cloner</li>
<li>Total Privacy</li>
<li>Easy Movie Splitter 2.5.3</li>
<li>UltraISO 7.6</li>
<li>Wondershare YouTube Downloader</li>
<li>Internet Download Accelerator 3.1</li>
<li>CloneDVD 4.3</li>
<li>PHP Debugger 2.1.3.3</li>
<li>BadCopy Pro 3.61</li>
<li>System Mechanic 8.0</li>
<li>IVOS - Intelligent Voice Operating System 1.02</li>
<li>WinAVI Video Converter 7.1</li>
<li>Xilisoft Video Converter Ultimate 5.1.26</li>
<li>SnapTouch</li>
<li>Adobe Acrobat 8 Professional</li>
</ul>The best thing about shareware programs is the fact that you get to try them out, before buying them. In case you are unhappy with its performance during evaluation or trial phase, you can simply refuse to buy it. It is a clever software marketing tactic of hooking up people to the software during the trial period, after which they are bound to be ready to pay a price for using further. From the buyer's and seller's point of view, these programs create a win-win situation.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-35867733559118530912012-06-28T20:46:00.000+08:002012-06-28T20:46:41.786+08:00Software Copyright<div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; word-spacing: 1px;"><div class="sectionTitle" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 53, 133); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #003585; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 15px; padding-top: 12px; width: 542px;">1. Introduction</div><br />
Software copyright law is something that affects anyone who uses a computer, and most particularly businesses - it is not uncommon for a business to face civil or even criminal proceedings for software copyright infringement. Yet at the same time, it is a complex area of law that is not widely understood.<br />
<br />
The purpose of this briefing paper is to provide an explanation of the law that is comprehensible to a non-lawyer and non-programmer. It should be noted that this briefing paper should be taken only as general guidance: it is impossible to explain all the technicalities of the law, or to cover every possible set of circumstances, in a document of this kind. In any case, the details of the law can vary from country to country.<br />
<br />
If you are in any doubt as to your legal rights, you should consult a specialist lawyer.<br />
<br />
<div><a href="" name="N2002B" style="cursor: pointer;"></a><br />
<div class="subsectionTitle" style="color: #3d6792; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 15px; text-transform: uppercase;">1.1. THE SCOPE OF THIS BRIEFING PAPER</div><br />
This briefing paper concentrates on the law of software copyright in the European Union, with particular reference to the<a class="link" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32009L0024:EN:NOT" style="cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">Community Directive 2009/24/EC</a>. It does not cover the laws of countries outside the European Union.<br />
<br />
Also, it does not deal with intellectual property rights in things other than software. If, for example, there is a computer program that allows you to access a database, then the computer program will be subject to software copyright (covered here), while the database will be subject to the different legal provisions governing databases (not covered here).<br />
<br />
This briefing paper contains a general introduction to software copyright law: there is other briefing paper, entitled<span class="italic" style="font-style: italic;"><a class="link" href="http://www.ipr-helpdesk.org/documents/softwareCopyrightAndTheComputerProgrammer_0000001109_00.xml.html" style="cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">Software Copyright and the Computer Programmer</a> </span>, that cover more specialised aspects of the subject.<br />
<br />
Please note that this briefing paper does not cover so-called "moral rights". These are certain special rights retained by each individual computer programmer. Although an intrinsic part of copyright law, the law of moral rights is not likely to be relevant to ordinary users of software, but only to programmers and their employers. This topic is therefore considered in section H of the briefing paper entitled <span class="italic" style="font-style: italic;"><a class="link" href="http://www.ipr-helpdesk.org/documents/softwareCopyrightAndTheComputerProgrammer_0000001109_00.xml.html" style="cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">Software Copyright and the Computer Programmer</a> </span>.<br />
</div><br />
<div><a href="" name="N20053" style="cursor: pointer;"></a><div class="subsectionTitle" style="color: #3d6792; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 15px; text-transform: uppercase;">1.2. "SOFTWARE" DEFINED</div><br />
Before proceeding any further, it is important to ask: what exactly do we mean by "software"?<br />
<br />
For a computer to work, it has to be programmed, i.e. given a set of instructions in a language that computers understand. These programs are referred to as "software", to distinguish them from "hardware" (the physical objects that make up a computer system, such as microchips, processors, the keyboard, etc.).<br />
<br />
In this briefing paper, the terms "software" and "computer program" will be treated as synonyms.<br />
<br />
Here are some examples of software:<br />
<br />
<ul><li style="color: black; line-height: 18px; list-style-image: url(http://www.innovaccess.eu/images/Template-css/first-bullet.gif); list-style-position: outside; margin-top: 5px; word-spacing: 3px;">Operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, and Linux. The operating system is the computer program that organises all of the other computer programs.<br />
</li>
<li style="color: black; line-height: 18px; list-style-image: url(http://www.innovaccess.eu/images/Template-css/first-bullet.gif); list-style-position: outside; margin-top: 5px; word-spacing: 3px;">Software for general, everyday use, such Web browsers, word processors, spreadsheets, software for making presentations, etc.<br />
</li>
<li style="color: black; line-height: 18px; list-style-image: url(http://www.innovaccess.eu/images/Template-css/first-bullet.gif); list-style-position: outside; margin-top: 5px; word-spacing: 3px;">More specialised software, such as computer-aided design software, software for statisticians, software for accountants, etc.<br />
</li>
<li style="color: black; line-height: 18px; list-style-image: url(http://www.innovaccess.eu/images/Template-css/first-bullet.gif); list-style-position: outside; margin-top: 5px; word-spacing: 3px;">The software that makes the Internet work, such as Web server software (which sends Web pages to your Web browser on demand)-<br />
</li>
</ul>In order to understand the law of software copyright, it is necessary to understand two technical terms: "source code" and "object code".<br />
<br />
" <span class="bold" style="color: #003585; font-weight: bold;">Source code</span>" is a computer program in the form written by a programmer (in a language such as Perl or C).<br />
<br />
" <span class="bold" style="color: #003585; font-weight: bold;">Object code</span>" is a computer program converted into the form in which a computer would run it (in "machine language", i.e. ones and zeros). To convert source code into object code, you use a special computer program called a "compiler".<br />
<br />
Note that a computer program will (generally speaking) exist in two forms: the source code form (the form in which it was written by human beings), and the object code form (the form in which a computer runs it). These are two different forms of one and the same computer program. So far as copyright law is concerned, both of these forms are covered by the definition of "computer program". Furthermore, the two forms are regarded as equivalent, in the sense that whoever owns the copyright in the source code will automatically own the copyright in the object code.<br />
<br />
The Directive also states that a computer program incorporated into the design of a silicon chip is nonetheless considered to be software for legal purposes. This makes sense: any computer program could theoretically be build into the design of a silicon chip, and it seems only reasonable that doing this has no effect on copyright.<br />
<br />
Note that computer languages are not themselves pieces of software. For example, no one owns a copyright in the computer language C, or in the individual words that make up that language.<br />
<br />
Also note that the manuals, etc., that document a piece of software do not themselves count as software. Such manuals will copyrighted, but the rules may not be exactly the same as for software copyright (for example, in relation to employees' rights).<br />
</div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; word-spacing: 1px;"><br />
</span><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; word-spacing: 1px;"><a href="" name="N200A2" style="cursor: pointer;"></a><div class="sectionTitle" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 53, 133); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #003585; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 15px; padding-top: 12px; width: 542px;">2. What is software copyright?</div><br />
Software copyright is not essentially different from any other sort of copyright. However, there are certain aspects of copyright law that are specific to software, because there are practical differences between software and other things that can be copyrighted (books, poems, drawings, sculptures, etc.).<br />
<br />
Copyright law gives a programmer (or in the case of an employed programmer, that programmer's employer) a high degree of control over the program that he or she creates.<br />
<br />
<span class="bold" style="color: #003585; font-weight: bold;">Specifically, it is (with a few very limited exceptions) <span class="underlined">unlawful</span> for anyone other than the owner of the rights to run the program, copy the program, modify the program or distribute the program, except with the permission of the rights owner. </span><br />
<br />
Let us consider this point by point:<br />
<br />
<ul><li style="color: black; line-height: 18px; list-style-image: url(http://www.innovaccess.eu/images/Template-css/first-bullet.gif); list-style-position: outside; margin-top: 5px; word-spacing: 3px;">The permission of the rights owner is necessary if you want to <span class="bold" style="color: #003585; font-weight: bold;">run</span> the program (although this rule is qualified by the exceptions to software copyright - see subsection C.3 of this briefing paper for details).<br />
</li>
<li style="color: black; line-height: 18px; list-style-image: url(http://www.innovaccess.eu/images/Template-css/first-bullet.gif); list-style-position: outside; margin-top: 5px; word-spacing: 3px;">The permission of the rights owner is necessary if you want to <span class="bold" style="color: #003585; font-weight: bold;">make a copy of</span> the program for any reason. (There is an exception for the making of a "back-up" copy - that is, a spare copy, in case the original is erased or damaged by accident. See subsection C.3 of this briefing paper for details.)<br />
<br />
Even copying the program from a disk into your computer's memory is considered as "copying", and requires permission.<br />
</li>
<li style="color: black; line-height: 18px; list-style-image: url(http://www.innovaccess.eu/images/Template-css/first-bullet.gif); list-style-position: outside; margin-top: 5px; word-spacing: 3px;">Converting a computer program from source code to object code (" <span class="bold" style="color: #003585; font-weight: bold;">compiling</span>" the program) counts as copying, and requires permission. The same applies to converting a computer program from object code to source code (" <span class="bold" style="color: #003585; font-weight: bold;">decompiling</span>" the program). In practice, this is not important for ordinary computer users, but only for programmers.<br />
</li>
<li style="color: black; line-height: 18px; list-style-image: url(http://www.innovaccess.eu/images/Template-css/first-bullet.gif); list-style-position: outside; margin-top: 5px; word-spacing: 3px;">The permission of the rights owner is necessary if you want to <span class="bold" style="color: #003585; font-weight: bold;">modify</span> the program. Once again, this is not important for ordinary computer users, but only for programmers.<br />
</li>
<li style="color: black; line-height: 18px; list-style-image: url(http://www.innovaccess.eu/images/Template-css/first-bullet.gif); list-style-position: outside; margin-top: 5px; word-spacing: 3px;">The permission of the rights owner is necessary if you want to <span class="bold" style="color: #003585; font-weight: bold;">distribute</span> the program. This would include, for example, distributing the program over the Internet.<br />
</li>
<li style="color: black; line-height: 18px; list-style-image: url(http://www.innovaccess.eu/images/Template-css/first-bullet.gif); list-style-position: outside; margin-top: 5px; word-spacing: 3px;">However, copyright law does permit certain very limited exceptions, such as the exception for back-up copies described above. (See subsection C.3 of this briefing paper for more details of the exceptions to copyright.)<br />
</li>
</ul><span class="bold" style="color: #003585; font-weight: bold;">It should be noted that (as under general copyright law) no registration, copyright notice, or other such formality is needed to establish copyright. Copyright protection is automatic.</span><br />
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-69825165330981517042012-06-28T20:42:00.000+08:002012-06-28T20:42:56.293+08:00utility program<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Ultility program A program that performs a specific task related to the management of computer functions, resources, or files, as password protection, memory management, virus protection, and file compression.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span></span><br />
<div style="color: #3a2a34; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 1em;">A program that supports using the computer, an application or a development environment. Also called "utilities," utility software is programmed like any other software, except that it plays a supporting role. Usually relatively small programs, they typically perform a limited number of tasks.</div><div style="color: #3a2a34; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 1em;">Utility programs include file management (creating, moving and renaming folders, copying and deleting files), file search, comparing file contents as well as performing diagnostic routines to check the performance and current health of the hardware.</div><div style="color: #3a2a34; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 1em;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Custom Utilities</b></div><div style="color: #3a2a34; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 1em;">Utilities that support a development environment can perform myriad tasks. For example, at the end of each update cycle of this encyclopedia, custom-programmed utilities are run that make sure all "See this term" references and all picture references are valid.</div><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div id="wpcontent" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div id="wp_libra" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 1em;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Utility software</b> is <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/system-software" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">system software</a> designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer. A single piece of utility software is usually called a <b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">utility</b> or <b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">tool</b>.</div><div style="color: black; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 1em;">Utility software usually focuses on <i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">how</i> the computer infrastructure (including the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/computer-hardware-2" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">computer hardware</a>, <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/operating-system" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">operating system</a>, <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/application-software" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">application software</a> and <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/data-computing" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">data</a> storage) operates. Due to this focus, utilities are often rather technical and targeted at people with an advanced level of computer knowledge - in contrast to <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/application-software" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">application software</a>, which allows users to do things like creating text documents, playing games, listening to music or viewing websites.</div><h2 style="color: #003399; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Utility_software_categories" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Utility software categories</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/antivirus-software" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Anti-virus</a></b> utilities scan for computer viruses.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/backup-software-1" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Backup</a></b> utilities can make a copy of all information stored on a disk, and restore either the entire disk (e.g. in an event of <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/hard-disk-failure" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">disk failure</a>) or selected files (e.g. in an event of accidental deletion).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/data-compression" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Data compression</a></b> utilities output a shorter stream or a smaller file when provided with a stream or file.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/chkdsk-1" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Disk checkers</a></b> can scan operating hard drive.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/disk-cleaner" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Disk cleaners</a></b> can find files that are unnecessary to computer operation, or take up considerable amounts of space. Disk cleaner helps the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/user-account" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">user</a> to decide what to <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/deletion-2" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">delete</a> when their hard disk is full.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/disk-compression" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Disk compression</a></b> utilities can transparently <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/data-compression" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">compress</a>/uncompress the contents of a disk, increasing the capacity of the disk.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/defragmentation" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Disk defragmenters</a></b> can detect <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/computer-file-2" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">computer files</a> whose contents are broken across several locations on the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/hard-disk" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">hard disk</a>, and move the fragments to one location to increase efficiency.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/disk-partitioning" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Disk partitions</a></b> can divide an individual drive into multiple logical drives, each with its own file system which can be mounted by the operating system and treated as an individual drive.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/disk-space-analyzer" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Disk space analyzers</a></b> for the visualization of disk space usage by getting the size for each folder (including sub folders) & files in folder or drive. showing the distribution of the used space.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/disk-drive" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Disk storage</a></b> utilities</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/file-archiver" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Archive</a></b> utilities output a stream or a single file when provided with a directory or a set of files. Archive utilities, unlike archive suites, usually do not include compression or encryption capabilities. Some archive utilities may even have a separate un-archive utility for the reverse operation.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/file-manager" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">File managers</a></b> provide a convenient method of performing routine data management tasks, such as deleting, renaming, cataloging, uncataloging, moving, copying, merging, generating and modifying data sets.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/filesystem-level-encryption" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Cryptographic</a></b> utilities encrypt and decrypt streams and files.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/hex-editor" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Hex editors</a></b> directly modify the text or data of a file. These files could be data or an actual program.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/memory-test-software" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Memory testers</a></b> check for memory failures.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/network-utilities" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Network utilities</a></b> analyze the computer's network connectivity, configure network settings, check data transfer or log events.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/registry-cleaner" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Registry cleaners</a></b> clean and optimize the <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/windows-registry" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Windows registry</a> by removing old registry keys that are no longer in use.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/screensaver" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Screensavers</a></b> were desired to prevent <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/phosphor-burn-in" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">phosphor burn-in</a> on <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/cathode-ray-tube" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">CRT</a> and plasma <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/computer-display-1" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">computer monitors</a> by blanking the screen or filling it with moving images or patterns when the computer is not in use. Contemporary screensavers are used primarily for entertainment or security.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/system-monitor" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">System monitors</a></b> for monitoring resources and performance in a computer system.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/system-profiler" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">System profilers</a></b> provide detailed information about the software installed and hardware attached to the computer.</li>
</ul></div></div><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Read more: <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/utility-program#ixzz1cUysQag5" style="color: #003399; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.answers.com/topic/utility-program#ixzz1cUysQag5</a></span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-12837342703577931092012-06-28T20:38:00.000+08:002012-06-28T20:38:18.333+08:00Operating System Functions<h3 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #600060;">What is an Operating System</h3><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;">The operating system is the core software component of your computer. It performs many functions and is, in very basic terms, an interface between your computer and the outside world. In the section about hardware, a computer is described as consisting of several component parts including your monitor, keyboard, mouse, and other parts. The operating system provides an interface to these parts using what is referred to as "drivers". This is why sometimes when you install a new printer or other piece of hardware, your system will ask you to install more software called a driver.</div><h3 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #600060;">What does a driver do?</h3><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;">A driver is a specially written program which understands the operation of the device it interfaces to, such as a printer, video card, sound card or CD ROM drive. It translates commands from the operating system or user into commands understood by the the component computer part it interfaces with. It also translates responses from the component computer part back to responses that can be understood by the operating system, application program, or user. The below diagram gives a graphical depiction of the interfaces between the operating system and the computer component.</div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.comptechdoc.org/basic/basictut/osint.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://www.comptechdoc.org/basic/basictut/osint.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"></div><h3 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; color: #600060;">Other Operating System Functions</h3><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">The operating system provides for several other functions including:</div><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;"><li>System tools (programs) used to monitor computer performance, debug problems, or maintain parts of the system.</li>
<li>A set of libraries or functions which programs may use to perform specific tasks especially relating to interfacing with computer system components.</li>
</ul><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">The operating system makes these interfacing functions along with its other functions operate smoothly and these functions are mostly transparent to the user.</div><h3 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; color: #600060;">Operating System Concerns</h3><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">As mentioned previously, an operating system is a computer program. Operating systems are written by human programmers who make mistakes. Therefore there can be errors in the code even though there may be some testing before the product is released. Some companies have better software quality control and testing than others so you may notice varying levels of quality from operating system to operating system. Errors in operating systems cause three main types of problems:</div><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;"><li>System crashes and instabilities - These can happen due to a software bug typically in the operating system, although computer programs being run on the operating system can make the system more unstable or may even crash the system by themselves. This varies depending on the type of operating system. A system crash is the act of a system freezing and becoming unresponsive which would cause the user to need to reboot.</li>
<li>Security flaws - Some software errors leave a door open for the system to be broken into by unauthorized intruders. As these flaws are discovered, unauthorized intruders may try to use these to gain illegal access to your system. Patching these flaws often will help keep your computer system secure. How this is done will be explained later.</li>
<li>Sometimes errors in the operating system will cause the computer not to work correctly with some peripheral devices such as printers.</li>
</ul><h3 style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; color: #600060;">Operating System Types</h3><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">There are many types of operating systems. The most common is the Microsoft suite of operating systems. They include from most recent to the oldest:</div><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;"><li>Windows XP Professional Edition - A version used by many businesses on workstations. It has the ability to become a member of a corporate domain.</li>
<li>Windows XP Home Edition - A lower cost version of Windows XP which is for home use only and should not be used at a business.</li>
<li>Windows 2000 - A better version of the Windows NT operating system which works well both at home and as a workstation at a business. It includes technologies which allow hardware to be automatically detected and other enhancements over Windows NT.</li>
<li>Windows ME - A upgraded version from windows 98 but it has been historically plagued with programming errors which may be frustrating for home users.</li>
<li>Windows 98 - This was produced in two main versions. The first Windows 98 version was plagued with programming errors but the Windows 98 Second Edition which came out later was much better with many errors resolved.</li>
<li>Windows NT - A version of Windows made specifically for businesses offering better control over workstation capabilities to help network administrators.</li>
<li>Windows 95 - The first version of Windows after the older Windows 3.x versions offering a better interface and better library functions for programs.</li>
</ul><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">There are other worthwhile types of operating systems not made by Microsoft. The greatest problem with these operating systems lies in the fact that not as many application programs are written for them. However if you can get the type of application programs you are looking for, one of the systems listed below may be a good choice.</div><ul style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;"><li>Unix - A system that has been around for many years and it is very stable. It is primary used to be a server rather than a workstation and should not be used by anyone who does not understand the system. It can be difficult to learn. Unix must normally run an a computer made by the same company that produces the software.</li>
<li>Linux - Linux is similar to Unix in operation but it is free. It also should not be used by anyone who does not understand the system and can be difficult to learn.</li>
<li>Apple MacIntosh - Most recent versions are based on Unix but it has a good graphical interface so it is both stable (does not crash often or have as many software problems as other systems may have) and easy to learn. One drawback to this system is that it can only be run on Apple produced hardware.</li>
</ul>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-43440442325280070552012-06-19T19:21:00.000+08:002012-06-19T19:21:01.686+08:00Lyrics : Better Men - Robbie Williams<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Send someone to love me</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">I need to rest in arms</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Keep me safe from harm</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">In pouring rain</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Give me endless summer</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Lord I fear the cold</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Feel I'm getting old</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Before my time</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">As my soul heals the shame</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">I will grow through this pain</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Lord I'm doing all I can</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">To be a better man</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Go easy on my conscience</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">'Cause it's not my fault</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">I know I've been taught</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">To take the blame</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Rest assured my angels</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Will catch my tears</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Walk me out of here</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">I'm in pain</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">As my soul heals the shame</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">I will grow through this pain</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Lord I'm doing all I can</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">To be a better man</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Once you've found that lover</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">You're homeward bound</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Love is all around</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Love is all around</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">I know some have fallen</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">On stony ground</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">But Love is all around</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Send someone to love me</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">I need to rest in arms</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Keep me safe from harm</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">In pouring rain</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Give me endless summer</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Lord I fear the cold</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Feel I'm getting old</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Before my time</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">As my soul heals the shame</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">I will grow through this pain</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">Lord I'm doin' all I can</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;">To be a better man</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px;"><span class="b-lyrics-from-signature" style="color: white; font-size: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">[ Lyrics from: http://www.lyricsfreak.com/r/robbie+williams/better+man_20116782.html ]</span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-65686612818915502412012-06-19T17:19:00.002+08:002012-06-19T17:19:55.930+08:00Better Man - Robbie William<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/8e5WdsTd3sQ?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-66313921360505260352012-06-19T16:02:00.000+08:002012-06-19T16:02:27.659+08:00Rahsia Titanic .<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.mdamin76.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/titanic-300x168.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.mdamin76.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/titanic-300x168.jpg" /></a></div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Setelah hampir satu abad kapal mewah Titanic karam di Lautan Atlantik, kini satu rahsia baru telah terungkap yang boleh mengubah kisah sedia ada tentang bagaimana kapal tersebut tenggelam.</div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kapal Titanic telah melanggar bongkah ais pada tahun 1912 kerana kesalahan asas pengemudi (steering), dan ianya tenggelam sebegitu cepat kerana pujukan oleh seorang pegawai agar Kapten kapal meneruskan pelayaran, menurut keterangan seorang penulis dalam sebuah wawancara .</div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Louise Patten, seorang penulis yang juga merupakan cucu kepada pegawai kedua tertinggi di Titanic, Charles Lightoller, memberitahu bahawa kebenaran tentang apa yang terjadi hampir 100 tahun yang lalu telah disembunyikan kerana takut ianya mencemarkan reputasi datuknya, yang kemudiannya dianggap sebagai pahlawan.</div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lightoller, pegawai paling senior yang terselamat daripada kemalangan tersebut, telah menyembunyikan kesalahan tersebut ketika disoal di kedua-dua bahagian Atlantik kerana bimbang ia akan menyebabkan pemilik kapal itu jatuh muflis dan bakal mengakibatkan rakan-rakannya dibuang kerja.</div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Mereka sebenarnya boleh mengelak dari bertembung dengan bongkah ais tersebut jika tiada kesalahan tersebut,” kata Patten kepada Daily Telegraph.</div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Sepatutnya steering Titanic dipusing ke arah kiri bongkah ais tersebut dengan selamat, namun setelah melihat jalan mati di hadapan, pengawal steering, Robert Hitchins menjadi panik lalu memusing ke arah yang salah.”</div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Patten juga menyatakan bahawa pengalihan dari kapal layar kepada penggunaan enjin stim menunjukkan kapal tersebut mempunyai dua sistem steering. Sistem pertama adalah untuk tujuan pembelokan satu hala, manakala yang kedua adalah untuk arah yang bertentangan.</div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Apabila kesalahan telah dibuat, Patten menambah, “mereka hanya mempunyai empat minit untuk mengubah arah, dan saat pegawai tertinggi William Murdoch menyedari kesalahan yang dilakukan Hitchins, beliau cuba memperbetulkannya, tetapi sudah terlambat.”</div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Datuk kepada Patten tidak melihat saat pertembungan berlaku, tetapi beliau menghadiri mesyuarat terakhir para pegawai kapal sebelum kapal tersebut tenggelam. Di situ beliau telah terdengar bukan sahaja tentang kesilapan pengendalian steering, tetapi juga mengenai bagaimana J. Bruce Ismay — pengerusi kepada pemilik Titanic, iaitu White Star Line telah memujuk kapten kapal supaya meneruskan pelayaran, yang ternyata menyebabkan kapal tersebut karam lebih cepat daripada yang sepatutnya.</div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Seandainya Titanic tidak bergerak ketika itu, kapal tersebut mungkin mampu bertahan sekurang-kurangnya sehingga kapal penyelamat tiba dan tiada seorang pun yang perlu terkorban,” kata Patten lagi.</div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">RMS Titanic merupakan kapal penumpang terbesar di dunia ketika ianya meninggalkan Southampton di England menuju ke New York pada pelayaran pertamanya pada 10 April 1912. Selepas 4 hari pelayaran, ianya telah bertembung dengan bongkah ais dan tenggelam bersama lebih 1,500 penumpangnya</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-66500373317995996792012-06-17T20:26:00.000+08:002012-06-17T20:26:00.914+08:00Weird Chili<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJDpaJWXj7RxuAdW9GniTS-dKsfaZq4BZle5pa0g5b7nuZeXJAJ8fixAaXzCsklmcu_42Ds9g9d0fMdFbJJ15BZDE441chN-nIaqX4rI7waBOMC14Z7w1ryBLPkNU3Otc1pVG21_lRDUw/s1600/Photo0797.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJDpaJWXj7RxuAdW9GniTS-dKsfaZq4BZle5pa0g5b7nuZeXJAJ8fixAaXzCsklmcu_42Ds9g9d0fMdFbJJ15BZDE441chN-nIaqX4rI7waBOMC14Z7w1ryBLPkNU3Otc1pVG21_lRDUw/s320/Photo0797.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<br />
Fenomena yang jarang berlaku terjadi dirumah saya sendiri .<br />
Lihatlah keajaiban Allah S.W.T .Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-29679098642343186062012-06-17T20:14:00.000+08:002012-06-17T20:14:17.648+08:00Islam itu indah<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">33 hari lagi sebelum Ramadhan</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><a data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/page.php?id=471791472837031" href="http://www.facebook.com/InsyaAllah.my" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">InsyaAllah إن شاء الله</a></span><br />
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</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">“Allahumma sallimni ila ramadhan wa sallim li ramadhan wa tasallumahu minni taqabbalan”</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br />
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</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">Ya Allah selamatkanlah kami hingga bulan Ramadhan ke depan, dan pertemukan untuk bulan Ramadhan dan terimalah seluruh amal kami pada bulan Ramadhan.</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-35883357362902262352012-06-17T19:18:00.000+08:002012-06-17T19:18:35.113+08:00Tipu daya Amerika<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS4UGY_sybjctVvFAUlKq8k2FHxdO0vJ1JVMuED9jeHSjzcAaj0Zg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS4UGY_sybjctVvFAUlKq8k2FHxdO0vJ1JVMuED9jeHSjzcAaj0Zg" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;"><img src="http://www.melayu.com/sembang2/smiley/sm01.gif" /></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;">tadi saya baru je lepas tengok kat channel Star World Astro mengenai program ni. Pelbagai bukti ditunjukkan oleh mereka yang mengkaji kesahihan peristiwa yang berlaku pada 1960-an dan 1070-an</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;"> ni. Golongan ini merupakan pakar dlm bidang masing-masing. Antara bukti yang ditunjukkan adalah;</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;">1) Bendera yg dipacakkan berkibar di bulan dgn megah walaupun sedia maklum di bulan tiada udara/angin.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;">2) Bayang-bayang dlm gambar yang tidak konsisten dengan sumber cahaya yg sepatutnya hanya ada satu bayang yg selari(matahari) ttp gambar foto menunjukkan sebaliknya.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;">3) Kematian misteri beberapa angkasawan dan kakitangan NASA yg terlibat secara langsung dlm siri projek APOLLO.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;">4) Bentuk mukabumi Area 51 yg terbukti ada persamaan dgn gambar permukaan bulan(kebetulan?).</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;">dll.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px;">Apa pendapat warga MDC yg lain? Kalau dakwaan ini benar, NASA berjaya melakukan satu penipuan terbesar dlm sejarah peradaban manusia. Ini baru betul Tipu Tertipah. Ataupun ada cerita di sebalik cerita.</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-4925739933700296042012-06-16T22:24:00.001+08:002012-06-17T14:51:20.418+08:00The Turtle - So Happy Together<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
<object width="320" height="266" class="BLOGGER-youtube-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="http://1.gvt0.com/vi/QhMzZ_KCp_E/0.jpg"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/QhMzZ_KCp_E&fs=1&source=uds" /><param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><embed width="320" height="266" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/QhMzZ_KCp_E&fs=1&source=uds" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-12642173215462312782012-06-16T21:41:00.000+08:002012-06-16T21:41:21.397+08:00Communication Protocol<h1>Communications Protocols</h1>A communications protocol defines the rules for sending blocks of data (each known as a Protocol Data Unit (PDU)) from one node in a network to another node. Protocols are normally defined in a <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/intro-pages/layer.html">layered</a> manner and provide all or part of the services specified by a layer of the <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/intro-pages/osi.html">OSI reference model</a>. A protocol specification defines the operation of the protocol and may also suggest how the protocol should be implemented. It consists of three parts:<br />
<ol><li>Definition of Protocol Control Information (PCI) format which forms the PDU header</li>
<li>Definition of procedures for transmitting and receiving PDUs</li>
<li>Definition of services provided by the protocol layers</li>
</ol><div align="CENTER"><img align="BOTTOM" height="115" naturalsizeflag="3" src="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/images/packet.gif" width="195" /></div><div align="CENTER"><i>A Protocol Data Unit</i></div>The PDUs exchanged have two parts: a header (also known as the <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/intro-pages/encapsulation.html">Protocol Control Information (PCI)</a>) and a payload (also known as a <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/intro-pages/encapsulation.html">Service Data Unit (SDU)</a>). The protocol does not define or constrain the data carried in the payload part. It does specify the format of the PCI, defining the fields which are present and the way in which the patterns of bits are to be interpreted.<br />
A protocol also defines the procedures which determine how the PDU will be processed at the transmit and receive nodes. The procedures specify the valid values for the PCI fields, and the action be taken upon reception of each PCI value (usually based on stored control information). Examples of procedures which are implemented in protocols include:<br />
<ul><li>error recovery (e.g. the <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/dl-pages/checkpoint.html">checkpoint procedure</a>, the <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/dl-pages/gbn.html">go-back-n procedure</a>)</li>
<li>flow control</li>
<li><a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/intro-pages/segmentation.html">segmentation</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/intro-pages/sap.html">service access point selection</a></li>
<li>connection management</li>
</ul>The documents which define a protocol procedures are usually large and are seldom concrete (i.e. they may not be directly translated to executable programs). They typically define the actions to be taken when a particular condition is detected, but not how the condition is to be detected. It has been said that "Part of what makes a protocol mature is good implementation guidelines and folklore". The success of the <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/inet-pages/ip.html">TCP/IP</a> protocol suite is largely due to the "industrial strength" code available in freely distributed reference implementations.<br />
<div align="CENTER"><i><img align="BOTTOM" height="186" naturalsizeflag="3" src="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/images/protocol.gif" width="333" /></i></div><div align="CENTER"><i>A protocol implemented by several processes (represented by circles) communicating using queues of PDUs, a shared information area (shown as a rectangle) and function calls between the processes (represented by arrows)</i></div>Protocols are usually implemented by writing a number of programs (processes) which communicate with one another through queues and by function calls. One or more <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/arq-pages/timers.html">timers</a> are also usually required to ensure correct operation of the protocol. To start and stop timers, a protocol normally uses an interface to the computer's operating system. This interface is also used to request new (empty) buffers for received PDUs (or PDUs created by the layer) and to release buffers which are no longer needed by the protocol.<br />
Protocols are generally described using a <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/intro-pages/layer.html">layered</a> architecture known as the OSI reference model. Which abstracts the details of the protocol and allows a simple description of the service provided by the protocol to the protocol layer above and the service required by protocol layer from the layer below.<br />
Examples of protocols include:<br />
<ul><li>Link Layer - <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/dl-pages/hdlc-mode.html">HDLC</a>, <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/lan-pages/mac.html">MAC</a>, <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/inet-pages/arp.html">ARP</a></li>
<li>Network Layer - <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/inet-pages/ip.html">IP,</a> <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/inet-pages/icmp.html">ICMP</a></li>
<li>Transport Layer - <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/inet-pages/udp.html">UDP</a>, <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/inet-pages/tcp.html">TCP</a></li>
</ul><div><a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/intro-pages/protocols.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/intro-pages/protocols.html</a></div><div><a href="http://www.fws.gov/habitatconservation/Communication_Protocols.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.fws.gov/habitatconservation/Communication_Protocols.pdf</a></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-53077746780389742822012-06-16T21:30:00.001+08:002012-06-16T21:33:10.503+08:00Wired Communication Media<div style="line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">wired communication</span></b></div><div style="color: #555555; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;">Due to wired communication, millions of people all over the world can ride the information highway with high-speed. Internet as a pure medium for provision of information has advanced to a communication medium between diverse devices and systems.</div><div style="color: #555555; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;">The availability of an internet access at any time and any place enables the usability of the internet in numerous consumer and producer goods. Even complex systems can be controlled, observed, configured and serviced.</div><div style="color: #555555; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;">In order to ensure the smooth interaction of the various communication requirements, elaborate net access techniques are necessary. That implies the provision of the essential infrastructure in the field of software and hardware.</div><div style="color: #555555; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;">We make your devices network-compatible by realizing the local and global networking of different devices - local or over the internet.</div><div style="color: #555555; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;">As a result of our experienced research and consulting, we offer you solutions in the field of:</div><ul class="bulletpointlist" style="color: #555555; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="background-image: url(http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/includes/assets/img/icons.gif); background-position: 0px -7494px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.3em; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.9em;">Net access</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/includes/assets/img/icons.gif); background-position: 0px -7494px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.3em; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.9em;">Heterogeneous networks</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/includes/assets/img/icons.gif); background-position: 0px -7494px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.3em; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.9em;">Network management</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/includes/assets/img/icons.gif); background-position: 0px -7494px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.3em; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.9em;">Embedded internet</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/includes/assets/img/icons.gif); background-position: 0px -7494px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.3em; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.9em;">Java based software for embedded systems</li>
</ul><div><span style="color: #555555; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px;"><br />
</span></span></div><div><h3 style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.32; margin: 0px 0px 0.65em; padding: 0px;">Computer Communication</h3><div style="color: #555555; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;">No market segment experiences innovation cycles as short as that of the peripheral area of PCs. A wide variety of communication protocols are being used around the computer, making it possible for computers to communicate with each other and with different peripheral units.<br />
Requirements for these networks are immense as increasing amounts of digitized voice and data need to be transmitted over long distances and across the systems of different providers. Furthermore, the number of multimedia services is on the rise: fast internet accesses, video-on-demand or multi-channel video, multi player games as well as TV, data and voice services.<br />
All these applications are channeled through the same networks simultaneously, reaching the individual user through a single set-top-box, and having to be distributed efficiently within a house or apartment. Only then is it possible to access a variety of services simultaneously.<br />
The widespread access to the internet not only increases the desire to use higher transmission rates, but also the exchange of multimedia data in real-time using worldwide distributed applications.</div><h4 style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.32; margin: 2em 0px 1em; padding: 0px;">In particular, our computer communication know-how covers the areas of:</h4><div style="color: #555555; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;"></div><ul class="bulletpointlist" style="color: #555555; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="background-image: url(http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/includes/assets/img/icons.gif); background-position: 0px -7494px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.3em; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.9em;">Ethernet (10-Base-T, 100-Base-T, 1000-Base-T)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/includes/assets/img/icons.gif); background-position: 0px -7494px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.3em; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.9em;">FireWire (also referred to as IEEE 1394)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/includes/assets/img/icons.gif); background-position: 0px -7494px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.3em; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.9em;">USB (Universal Serial Bus)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/includes/assets/img/icons.gif); background-position: 0px -7494px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.3em; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.9em;">IrDA (Infrared Data Association)</li>
</ul><div><span style="color: #555555; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px;"><br />
</span></span></div></div><div><h3 style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.32; margin: 0px 0px 0.65em; padding: 0px;">Network Access</h3><div style="color: #555555; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;">Network access - often referred to as "the last mile" - builds the briidge between provider and user by different data transmission technologies.<br />
Well-established data transmission techniques are usage of analog-to-digital modems, ISDN or xDSL-access. For the actual application, the technical implementation of these technologies is not as important as the appropriate usage.</div><h4 style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.32; margin: 2em 0px 1em; padding: 0px;">We plan and realize network access via:</h4><div style="color: #555555; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.32; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;"></div><ul class="bulletpointlist" style="color: #555555; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="background-image: url(http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/includes/assets/img/icons.gif); background-position: 0px -7494px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.3em; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.9em;">ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/includes/assets/img/icons.gif); background-position: 0px -7494px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.3em; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.9em;">Analog-to-digital modem</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/includes/assets/img/icons.gif); background-position: 0px -7494px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.3em; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.9em;">xDSL - transmission procedure (Digital Subscriber Line)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/includes/assets/img/icons.gif); background-position: 0px -7494px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.3em; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.9em;">Powerline (data transmission via low voltage and mains power supply)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/includes/assets/img/icons.gif); background-position: 0px -7494px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.3em; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.9em;">Cable TV (data transmission via broadband cable of cable TV)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/includes/assets/img/icons.gif); background-position: 0px -7494px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 1.3em; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.9em;">Satellite communication</li>
</ul><div><span style="color: #555555; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px;"><br />
</span></span></div></div><div><span style="color: #555555; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px;"><a href="http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/bf/ec/lgk/" rel="nofollow">http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/bf/ec/lgk/</a></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;"><a href="http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ee122/fa08/notes/20-Wirelessx6.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ee122/fa08/notes/20-Wirelessx6.pdf</a></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-89598881984030558432012-06-16T21:16:00.001+08:002012-06-17T18:41:30.163+08:00Wireless communication media<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wireless communication</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wireless communication is tranferred over a distance without the use of cable or wires . this may be one-way communication systems such as television or radio broadcasting, or two way communication systems such as machine-to-machine (M2M)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wireless communications can bie via</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Radio frecuency<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Microwave (i.e long-range and line-of-sight via antennas or short range communication )<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">GSM<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">GPRS<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3G/HSDPA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">GPS<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Applications involve point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, cellular network and all other wireless network communications .<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.adaptivem2m.com/images/learning-centre/wireless-communication.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />
<img border="0" height="240" src="http://www.adaptivem2m.com/images/learning-centre/wireless-communication.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Point-to-point communication<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A point-to-point link is a communication medium with two endpoints. Data can be tranferred from both computers either end. The connection between the computer and the communication medium (GSM/GPRS Modem or GSM/GPRS Router ) is generelly through a RS-232 interface but ethernet port are also used .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Point-to-point multipoint <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>communication<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A point-to-multipoint link is the communication between a computer and a centrel host where connections can be made from various end-point at different locations. Data can be trabferred from the computer via the centrel host over wireless networks such as GSM,GPRS, and 3G .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cellular network <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Acellular network is a radio network made up of a number of cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transciever, the cells can be join together to provide radio radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables portable transciever such as mobile phone to communications with ech other .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wireless network <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A wireless network refers to any type of computer or machine-to-machine(M2M) link communicating without the need of cable or wires . this is commonly associated with telecommunication networks that can be interconnections between nodes are implemented wielessly .<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6422509740686252728.post-5923703474820090772012-06-16T20:45:00.002+08:002012-06-16T20:52:11.636+08:00Computer network<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">A computer network can also consist of, and is usually made for, more than two computers:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.functionx.com/illustrations/network1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="http://www.functionx.com/illustrations/network1.gif" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Courier New'; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">Characteristics of a Computer Network</span> <br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Courier New'; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><br />
</span><br />
<br />
<div class="parajust" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 10pt; margin-top: 8pt; text-align: justify;">The primary purpose of a computer network is to <a class="kLink" href="http://www.functionx.com/networking/Lesson01.htm#" id="KonaLink2" style="background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; border: 0px none transparent !important; bottom: 0px; color: blue; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit !important; font-size: inherit !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 0px; top: 0px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit !important; position: static;"><span class="kLink" style="background-color: transparent; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; width: auto !important;">share </span><span class="kLink" style="background-color: transparent; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; width: auto !important;">resources</span></span></a>:</div><ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><li style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: left;">You can play a CD music from one computer while sitting on another computer</li>
<li style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: left;">You may have a computer that doesn’t have a DVD or BluRay (BD) player. In this case, you can place a movie disc (DVD or BD) on the computer that has the player, and then view the movie on a computer that lacks the player</li>
<li style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: left;">You may have a computer with a CD/DVD/BD writer or a backup system but the other computer(s) doesn’t (don't) have it. In this case, you can burn discs or make backups on a computer that has one of these but using data from a computer that doesn’t have a disc writer or a backup system</li>
<li style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: left;">You can connect a printer (or a scanner, or a fax machine) to one computer and let other computers of <a class="kLink" href="http://www.functionx.com/networking/Lesson01.htm#" id="KonaLink3" style="background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; border: 0px none transparent !important; bottom: 0px; color: blue; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit !important; font-size: inherit !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 0px; top: 0px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit !important; position: static;"><span class="kLink" style="background-color: transparent; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: blue; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; width: auto !important;">the </span><span class="kLink" style="background-color: transparent; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: blue; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; width: auto !important;">network</span></span></a> print (or scan, or fax) to that printer (or scanner, or fax machine)</li>
<li style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: left;">You can place a disc with pictures on one computer and let other <a class="kLink" href="http://www.functionx.com/networking/Lesson01.htm#" id="KonaLink4" style="background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; border: 0px none transparent !important; bottom: 0px; color: blue; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit !important; font-size: inherit !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 0px; top: 0px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit !important; position: static;"><span class="kLink" style="background-color: transparent; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; width: auto !important;">computers</span><span class="kLink" style="background-color: transparent; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; width: auto !important;">access</span></span></a> those pictures</li>
<li style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: left;">You can create files and store them in one computer, then access those files from the other computer(s) connected to it</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Courier New'; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold;">Peer-to-</span><span style="background-color: white; background-image: none !important; border: 0px none transparent !important; bottom: 0px; color: blue; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: large; left: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 0px; top: 0px;"><b><a class="kLink" href="http://www.functionx.com/networking/Lesson01.htm#" id="KonaLink5" style="background-color: white; background-image: none !important; border: 0px none transparent !important; bottom: 0px; color: blue; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 0px; top: 0px;"><span class="kLink" style="background-color: transparent; background-image: none !important; border: 0px none transparent !important; bottom: 0px; color: blue; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: inherit; left: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; right: 0px; top: 0px; width: auto !important;">Peer </span><span class="kLink" style="background-color: transparent; background-image: none !important; border: 0px none transparent !important; bottom: 0px; color: blue; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: inherit; left: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; right: 0px; top: 0px; width: auto !important;">Networking</span></a></b></span> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; background-image: none !important; border: 0px none transparent !important; bottom: 0px; color: blue; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: large; left: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 0px; top: 0px;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; background-image: none !important; border: 0px none transparent !important; bottom: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; left: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 0px; top: 0px;"></span><br />
<div class="parajust" style="font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 10pt; margin-top: 8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; background-image: none !important; border: 0px none transparent !important; bottom: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; left: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 0px; top: 0px;">Based on their layout (not the physical but the imagined layout, also referred to as topology), there are various types of networks. A network is referred to as peer-to-peer if most computers are similar and run workstation operating systems.</span></div><div class="parajust" style="font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 10pt; margin-top: 8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; background-image: none !important; border: 0px none transparent !important; bottom: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; left: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 0px; top: 0px;">In a peer-to-<a class="kLink" href="http://www.functionx.com/networking/Lesson01.htm#" id="KonaLink6" style="background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; border: 0px none transparent !important; bottom: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 0px; top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; position: static;"><span class="kLink" style="background-color: transparent; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: blue; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: inherit; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; width: auto !important;">peer </span><span class="kLink" style="background-color: transparent; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: blue; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-style: none !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: inherit; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; width: auto !important;">network</span></span></a>, each computer holds its files and resources. Other computers can access these resources but a computer that has a particular resource must be turned on for other computers to access the resource it has. For example, if a printer is connected to computer A and computer B wants to printer to that printer, computer A must be turned On.</span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.functionx.com/networking/index.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.functionx.com/networking/index.htm</a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; background-image: none !important; border: 0px none transparent !important; bottom: 0px; color: blue; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 0px; top: 0px;"><br />
</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11189557601414656630noreply@blogger.com0